The buttresses meant that the walls could be higher and thinner, and could have much larger windows. The stairway has 387 steps, and has a stop at the Gothic hall at the level of the rose window, where visitors could look over the parvis and see a collection of paintings and sculpture from earlier periods of the cathedral's history. The north tower was accessible to visitors by a stairway, whose entrance was on the north side of the tower. [123][124], Until the French Revolution, Notre-Dame was the property of the Archbishop of Paris and therefore the Roman Catholic Church. The rooster with relics intact was recovered in the rubble shortly after the 2019 fire. L’entreprise en charge des travaux peut-elle être tenue pour responsable? [108], The south rose had a difficult history. Voir: Le projet de loi pour la restauration de Notre-Dame adopté par l'Assemblée. Saint Peter and Saint Paul are at the bottom of the window, and Mary Magdalene and John the Apostle at the top. The archdiocese is responsible for paying the employees, for security, heating and cleaning, and for ensuring that the cathedral is open free to visitors. [103], Amid all the religious figures, some of the sculptural decoration was devoted to illustrating medieval science and philosophy. Statue of Thomas the Apostle, with the features of restorer Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, at the base of the spire, The two towers are 69 metres (226 ft) high, and were the tallest structures in Paris until the completion of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. The ten bells of the cathedral are located in the south tower. This is how it was saved", "Notre-Dame's Safety Planners Underestimated the Risk, With Devastating Results", "Paris firefighters got on Notre-Dame site in less than 10 minutes", "After The Flames, Notre Dame's Centuries-Old Organ May Never Be The Same Again", "Notre Dame Cathedral Fire, Paris, France", "Macron says he wants Notre-Dame rebuilt in 5 years", "France's AXA provided insurance cover for two Notre-Dame contractors", "Firefighter and two police officers injured battling 'catastrophic' Notre-Dame fire", "No Christmas mass at Notre-Dame for the first time since Napoleon", "Notre Dame choir returns for first time since devastating fire for Christmas Eve concert", "The Latest: French leader vows to rebuild damaged Notre Dame", "Years? [111] In 1758, three more crypts were dug in the Chapel of Saint-Georges to be used for burials of canons of Notre-Dame. [108], The south rose has 94 medallions, arranged in four circles, depicting scenes from the life of Christ and those who witnessed his time on earth. "Si tu ne veux pas t’attirer d’ennuis, partage toujours la responsabilité", Paulo Coelho. L'enquête pour établir les causes de l'incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris est encore en cours pour déterminer l'éventuel responsable et donc l'obligation de payer les frais de réparation. [58][59], Notre-Dame began a year-long celebration of the 850th anniversary of the laying of the first building block for the cathedral on 12 December 2012. If you book with Tripadvisor, you can cancel up to 24 hours before … He tasked Robert de Cotte with the renovation. The first task of the restoration is the removal of 250–300 tonnes of melted metal tubes, the remains of the scaffolding, which remained on the top after the fire, and could still fall onto the vaults and cause the collapse of the structure. During the Revolution, most of the cathedral's bells were removed and melted down. According to later studies, the fire broke out in the attic of the cathedral at 18:18. La garde d’un bâtiment suppose une maîtrise concrète et effective de la chose, de sorte que seul son détenteur effectif, qu’il en soit ou non le propriétaire, peut être qualifié de gardien. Il serait donc très difficile, pour l’entreprise, de prouver un abus de fonctions de ses ouvriers et d’échapper ainsi à l’engagement de sa propre responsabilité. New furniture was produced as well as the current high altar, depicting Louis XIV and Louis XIII kneeling before a Pietà. For its time, it was very large—70 metres (230 ft) long—and separated into nave and four aisles by marble columns, then decorated with mosaics. Master glassworkers meticulously copied styles of the 13th century, as written about by art historians Antoine Lusson and Adolphe Napoléon Didron.[41]. Tallon thus concluded that "flying buttresses were there from the get-go. [29], The fountain [fr] in Notre-Dame's parvis was added in 1625 to provide nearby Parisians with running water. Tours listed on this page may go past, but do not [104], The exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were also decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening grotesques or monsters. The west rose window, over the portals, was the first and smallest of the roses in Notre-Dame. [citation needed]. It is 12.9 metres in diameter; with the claire-voie surrounding it, a total of 19 metres. [87] The law, which passed on 11 May 2019, was hotly debated in the French National Assembly, with opponents accusing Macron's administration of using Notre-Dame self-servingly for political grandstanding, and defenders arguing the need for expediency and tax breaks to encourage philanthropic giving. [citation needed] Supervising a large team of sculptors, glass makers and other craftsmen, and working from drawings or engravings, Viollet-le-Duc remade or added decorations if he felt they were in the spirit of the original style. While the clock cannot simply be installed in Notre-Dame itself, it is hoped that the clock can be used to create a new clock for Notre-Dame to the same specifications as the one which was destroyed. The rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses, then along a channel cut in the back of the gargoyle and out of the mouth away from the cathedral. In 1963, on the initiative of culture minister André Malraux and to mark the 800th anniversary of the cathedral, the façade was cleaned of the centuries of soot and grime, restoring it to its original off-white colour. Notre-Dame currently has ten bells. The bell Guillaume, for example, was renamed three times and recast no less than five times between 1230 and 1770. During the 19th-century restoration, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc decided to recreate it, making a new version of oak covered with lead. [28], In 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged some of the statues of Notre-Dame, considering them idolatrous. The book was an enormous success, raising awareness of the cathedral's decaying state. In front of each group is a symbol representing one of the four evangelists: a winged ox for Saint Luke,[100] a lion for Saint Mark, an eagle for Saint John and an angel for Saint Matthew. L'absence de la qualité de "gardien" n’exclut toutefois pas la possibilité de retenir la responsabilité de l’entreprise, cette fois pour fautes, dans l'exécution de ses obligations contractuelles, si celles-ci peuvent être à l'origine de l'incendie ou de son aggravation. Plusieurs personnes physiques, morales, privées ou publiques peuvent être tenues responsables de l'incendie de Notre-Dame. Later flying buttresses of the apse of Notre-Dame (14th century) reached 15 metres from the wall to the counter-supports. The stop and key action was upgraded, a new console was built, (again using the stop keys, pedal board, foot pistons and balance pedals of the 1992 console), a new enclosed division ("Résonnance expressive", using pipework from the former "Petite Pédale" by Boisseau, which can now be used as a floating division), the organ case and the façade pipes were restored, and a general tuning was carried out. [88], President Macron suggested he was open to a "contemporary architectural gesture". Les juridictions administratives appliquent en la matière la théorie de la "garde". "Notre Dame de Paris is really one of the beating hearts of the French civilization," he said. [75], President Emmanuel Macron said approximately 500 firefighters helped to battle the fire. The ribs transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof downward and outwards to the pillars and the supporting buttresses. In the 1960s, after three decades of debate, it was decided to replace many of the 19th-century grisaille windows in the nave designed by Viollet-le-Duc with new windows. [103] The tympanum over the central portal on the west façade, facing the square, vividly illustrates the Last Judgment, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven. The south rose in the transept is particularly notable for its size and artistry. [107], The two transept windows are larger and contain a greater proportion of glass than the rose on the west façade, because the new system of buttresses made the nave walls thinner and stronger. It … This building was replaced with an Early Christian basilica. Affaire "Bismuth" Sarkozy : une décision de justice ou un polar, 254 pages pour juger. [37] The cathedral's great bells escaped being melted down. Fermée suite à l’incendie de la cathédrale Notre-Dame, la Crypte archéologique de l’île de la Cité, témoin de plus de 2000 ans d’histoire, rouvre ses portes au public le 9 septembre 2020 avec une exposition hommage retraçant l’histoire de Notre-Dame de Paris au temps de Victor Hugo. These were replaced in 2013 with nine new bells as part of the cathedral's 850th anniversary celebration. Background The Catholic cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris ("Our Lady of Paris"), part of the "Paris, Banks of the Seine" UNESCO World Heritage Site, was begun in the 12th century. [32] Louis Antoine de Noailles, Archbishop of Paris, extensively modified the roof of Notre-Dame in 1726, renovating its framing and removing the gargoyles with lead gutters. Furthermore, let them tell me in what church I may see such a large cross, of which one arm separates the choir from the nave. [39] In 1844 King Louis Philippe ordered that the church be restored. In fact, I believe that this church offers the carefully discerning such cause for admiration that its inspection can scarcely sate the soul. [42], The Requiem Mass of Charles de Gaulle was held in Notre-Dame on 12 November 1970. The cathedral's flèche (or spire), which was destroyed in the April 2019 fire,[99] was located over the transept. [60] During that anniversary year, on 21 May 2013, Dominique Venner, a historian and white nationalist, placed a letter on the Church altar and shot himself, dying instantly. In 1805, Notre-Dame was given the honorary status of a minor basilica. Those that remained in the cathedral were removed or relocated within the building by the 19th-century restorers. During the liberation of Paris in August 1944, the cathedral suffered some minor damage from stray bullets. Notre-Dame de Paris. [2][66][67] It was speculated that the fire was linked to ongoing renovation work. The workers used saws to cut up the forty thousand pieces of scaffolding, weighing altogether two hundred tons, which was carefully lifted out of the roof by an eighty-meter tall crane. [96], A new phase of the restoration commenced on 8 June 2020. [24][23] Master builders Pierre de Chelles, Jean Ravy [fr], Jean le Bouteiller, and Raymond du Temple [fr] succeeded de Chelles and de Montreuil and then each other in the construction of the cathedral. Noailles also strengthened the buttresses, galleries, terraces, and vaults. [27], During the Renaissance, the Gothic style fell out of style, and the internal pillars and walls of Notre-Dame were covered with tapestries. "Le projet de loi pour la restauration de Notre-Dame adopté par l'Assemblée nationale: Ce projet de loi prévoit des dérogations aux règles d'urbanisme pour respecter le calendrier voulu par Emmanuel Macron", "Glass, Golden Flames or a Beam of Light: What Should Replace Notre-Dame's Spire? Notre-Dame de Paris (French: [nɔtʁə dam də paʁi] (); meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), referred to simply as Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de … [114] According to tradition, the bishop of Paris held a ceremony in which he blessed and baptized the bells, and a godparent formally bestowed a name on the bell. Uncertainty over time needed to rebuild Notre-Dame", "France announces contest to redesign Notre Dame spire", "In Notre Dame, we find a heritage that invites us to breathe and reflect: A spire competition is the wrong approach". La cour d’appel a écarté cette qualité de gardien de l’entreprise car l’entreprise était tenue de remettre les clefs d’accès à son chantier au maître d’ouvrage, tous les soirs, au départ de ses ouvriers. [5] Luând rapid o mare amploare, flăcările au distrus în întregime turnul-fleșă, care s-a prăbușit[6] , … In 1711, a small crypt measuring about six meters by six meters was dug out in the middle of the choir which was used as a burial vault for the archbishops, if they had not requested to be buried elsewhere. Couplers: II/I, III/I, IV/I, V/I; III/II, IV/II, V/II; IV/III, V/III; V/IV, Octave grave général, inversion Positif/Grand-orgue, Tirasses (Grand-orgue, Positif, Récit, Solo, Grand-Chœur en 8; Grand-Orgue en 4, Positif en 4, Récit en 4, Solo en 4, Grand-Chœur en 4), Sub and Super octave couplers and Unison Off for all manuals (Octaves graves, octaves aiguës, annulation 8′). Many of the statues, particularly the grotesques, were removed from the façade in the 17th and 18th centuries, or were destroyed during the French Revolution. By 21:45, they were finally able to bring the fire under control. Sostenuto for all manuals and the pedal. (During later restorations, some of these original medallions were moved to circles farther out). These were not part of the original window; they were painted during the restoration in the 19th century by Alfred Gérenthe, under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, based upon a similar window at Chartres Cathedral. Where indeed, I ask, would they find two towers of such magnificence and perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed round about with such multiple varieties of ornaments? [7] The same year as Hugo's novel was published, however, anti-Legitimists plundered Notre-Dame's sacristy. By this time the fire had spread to the north tower, where the eight bells were located. The third and fourth circles also have some depictions of Old Testament subjects. Car l’Etat n’est pas assuré comme un particulier. Some of the medieval glass was damaged, and was replaced by glass with modern abstract designs. Notre-Dame is one of seventy historic churches in France with this status. Message from Tripadvisor: Due to the tragic fire that has destroyed portions of the Notre Dame Cathedral, it will … [b] The basilica, later Cathedral of Saint-Étienne [fr] was situated about 40 metres (130 ft) west of Notre-Dame's location and was wider and lower and roughly half its size. ‘El jorobado de Notre Dame’, de Víctor Hugo, recuperó el interés por el templo, en decadencia desde la Revolución [7] The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food and other non-religious purposes. [45], The Requiem Mass of François Mitterrand was held at the cathedral, as with past French heads of state, on 11 January 1996. The canon Antoine de La Porte commissioned for Louis XIV six paintings depicting the life of the Virgin Mary for the choir. An extensive restoration and cleaning was carried out by Joseph Beuchet in 1932. Portals and nave to the left, a choir in the center, and apse and ambulatory to the right. The weight of the building-shaped pinnacles helps keep the line of thrust safely within the buttresses. The date of the first buttresses is not known with any great precision beyond an installation date in the 13th century. [43] The next year, on 26 June 1971, Philippe Petit walked across a tight-rope strung up between Notre-Dame's two bell towers and entertained spectators. ", "Paris's crumbling Notre-Dame looks to wealthy foreigners for salvation", "Massive fire engulfs beloved Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris", "Notre-Dame cathedral: Macron pledges reconstruction after fire", "Paris's Notre Dame cathedral celebrates 850 years", "Un historien d'extrême droite se suicide à Notre-Dame", "After Louvre attack, France foils another terrorist plot", "Paris: Inside Notre-Dame during lockdown", "Notre Dame, Paris: Hundreds put in terror lockdown", "Fire reported at Paris' Notre Dame cathedral", "Roof burns at Paris' Notre Dame Cathedral as massive fire rages", "Notre-Dame came far closer to collapsing than people knew. [68] L’arrêt rendu le 30 décembre 2011 par la cour administrative d’appel de Bordeaux a recherché l’éventuelle responsabilité sans faute de l’entreprise propriétaire de l’échafaudage en sa qualité de "gardien". Appel Résonnance. [57] A €6 million renovation of the cathedral's spire began in late 2018 and continued into the following year, requiring the temporary removal of copper statues on the roof and other decorative elements days before the April 2019 fire. The decoration was rescued from Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral after the fire. Fecha 15 de abril de 2019 Hora 6:51 p.m. ()Causa Descuido en las reformas Lugar París, Francia Coordenadas Coordenadas Fallecidos 0 [1] Heridos 3 (un bombero y dos agentes de policía) [2] [3] [4] La catedral de Notre Dame de París sufrió un incendio en la tarde del 15 de abril de 2019 en el tejado del edificio, incidente que ocasionó daños considerables. The cathedral has been progressively stripped of its original decoration and works of art. French culture minister Franck Riester promised that the restoration "will not be hasty. Olivier Chandez, who had been responsible for the upkeep of Notre-Dame's clock, described the find as "almost a miracle." The building's exterior was whitewashed and the interior decorated in Neoclassical, then in vogue. Most of the cathedral's early bells were named after the person who donated it, but they were also named after biblical figures, saints, bishops, and others. [40] The decoration of the restoration included a statue of Saint Thomas that resembles Viollet-le-Duc, as well as the sculpture of mythical creatures on the Galerie des Chimères. It was found lightly damaged in the rubble after the 2019 fire. During the 19th century restoration, four new bells were made for the north tower. The massive buttresses which counter the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave. [15][c] A baptistery, the Church of John the Baptist [fr], built before 452, was located on the north side of the church of Saint-Étienne until the work of Jacques-Germain Soufflot in the 18th century. [7][13], Four churches succeeded the Roman temple before Notre-Dame. According to Robert of Torigni, the choir was completed in 1177 and the high altar consecrated on 19 May 1182 by Cardinal Henri de Château-Marçay, the Papal legate in Paris, and Maurice de Sully. Notre-Dame de Paris (French: [nɔtʁə dam də paʁi] (listen); meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), referred to simply as Notre-Dame,[a] is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the 4th arrondissement of Paris. Qui va payer? Paris Notre-Dame est le journal hebdomadaire du diocèse de Paris. [105] They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church. Plan of the cathedral made by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century. The prestigious commission was awarded to the most prominent painters and, after 1648, members of the Academie royale. These works came to be known as the grands mays. Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine made quasi-Gothic modifications to Notre-Dame for the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French within the cathedral. [5] Major components that make Notre Dame stand out include its large historic organ and its immense church bells.[6]. Beginning in 1190, the bases of the façade were put in place, and the first traverses were completed. [70], The spire of the cathedral collapsed at 19:50, bringing down some 750 tonnes of stone and lead. Jean-Philippe Morel, édité par la rédaction. In recent years, an increasing number have been given by leading public figures and state-employed academics. Where, I ask, would they find such light-filled amenities as the many surrounding chapels? [97]. These included the gargoyle, the chimera, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the Strix or stryge, a creature resembling an owl or bat, which was said to eat human flesh. Please let me know if you know of any more The two largest bells, or bourdons, Emmanuel and Marie, are mounted in the south tower. Between 1771 and 1773, the cathedral floor was repaved with black and white marble tiles, which covered over most of the remaining tombs. Ordonné prêtre en 1980 par le cardinal Marty, Monseigneur Patrick Chauvet est nommé en septembre 1984 directeur du Séminaire Saint-Sulpice à Issy-les-Moulineaux. A fire recently broke out at Notre Dame de Paris: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47941794 I’ve begun pulling together a collection of 3D models related to this historic site. Mais le plus compliqué, « un véritable crève-cœur » selon Henri Chalet, a été de sélectionner huit chanteurs parmi les 160 que compte la Maîtrise de Notre-Dame de Paris. [9] Following the fire, many proposals were made for modernizing the cathedral's design. On 15 April 2019 the cathedral caught fire, destroying the spire and the "forest" of oak roof beams supporting the lead roof. This was reaffirmed in the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State, designating the Catholic Church as having the exclusive right to use it for religious purposes in perpetuity. Dédiée à la Vierge Marie, elle est pendant de nombreux siècles l'une des cathédrales les plus grandes d'Occident. [15] Sully decided that the new church should be built in the Gothic style, which had been inaugurated at the royal abbey of Saint Denis in the late 1130s. 49,803 were here. Beginning in 1963, the cathedral's façade was cleaned of centuries of soot and grime. They were the rain spouts of the cathedral, designed to divide the torrent of water which poured from the roof after rain, and to project it outwards as far as possible from the buttresses and the walls and windows where it might erode the mortar binding the stone. [10], In October 2019, the French government announced that the first stage of reconstruction, the stabilising of the structure against collapse, would take until the end of 2020. It was nationalized on 2 November 1789 and since then has been the property of the French state. These absorb the horizontal forces and prevent the bells from damaging the relatively brittle stonework. Cotte replaced the rood screen with a sumptuous and gilded wrought iron fence, opened up the choir and ambulatory, and removed the tombs in the nave. Another cleaning and restoration project was carried out between 1991 and 2000.[7]. The decision was made to add a transepts at the choir, where the altar was located, in order to bring more light into the center of the church. One of the earliest organs at Notre-Dame, built in 1403 by Friedrich Schambantz, was replaced between 1730 and 1738 by François Thierry. Thirteen of the grands mays remain in Nôtre Dame: These paintings suffered water damage during the fire of 2019 and were removed for conservation. For a time the Goddess of Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. [8] The cathedral was renowned for its Lent sermons, founded by the Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in the 1830s. Notre-Dame lies at the eastern end of the Île de la Cité and was built on the ruins of two earlier churches, which were themselves predated by a Gallo-Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter.The cathedral was initiated by Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, who about 1160 conceived the idea of converting into a single building, on a larger scale, the ruins of the two earlier basilicas. [74] The French insurer AXA provided insurance coverage for two of the contracting firms working on Notre-Dame's restoration before the blaze. Napoleon also named Paris's new bishop, Jean-Baptiste de Belloy, who restored the cathedral's interior. Instead of going to the correct attic, the guard was sent to the wrong location, to the attic of the adjoining sacristy, and reported there was no fire. [71] Because of the ongoing renovation, the copper statues on the spire had been removed before the fire. Le recteur est le prêtre qui a la responsabilité d’une basilique. La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, communément appelée Notre-Dame, est la cathédrale de l'archidiocèse de Paris, située sur l'île de la Cité. They had to ascend a stairway threatened by fire, and to contend with low water pressure for their hoses. Several noteworthy examples of Gothic, Baroque, and 19th-century sculptures and a group of 17th- and early 18th-century altarpieces remain in the cathedral's collection. « J’ai privilégié ceux qui avaient déjà chanté dans la cathédrale avant l’incendie (sauf une, ndlr) et pour lesquels ces retrouvailles auraient le plus de sens » précise le responsable de l’ensemble. He summarily demolished the Romanesque cathedral and chose to recycle its materials. During the medieval period, they were often founded on the grounds of the cathedral so they would not need to be transported long distances. パリのノートルダム大聖堂（Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris、ノートルダム寺院とも）は、ゴシック建築を代表する建物であり、フランス、パリのシテ島にあるローマ・カトリック教会の大聖堂 [1]。 At this same time, Charles de La Fosse painted his Adoration of the Magi, now in the Louvre. Une enquête est toujours en cours pour déterminer les responsabilités. In 1630, it was decided that the guild would donate a large altarpiece every year on the first of May. Just days prior to the fire, the statues were removed for restoration. In the medieval period, burials were made directly into the floor of the church, or in above-ground sarcophagi, some with tomb effigies (French: gisant). The newer north tower is slightly larger, as can be seen when they are viewed from directly in front of the church. However, on 29 July 2019, the French National Assembly enacted a law requiring that the restoration must preserve the cathedral's 'historic, artistic and architectural interest'. Covid-19 : la République Tchèque autorise l’ivermectine, et la France ? The window was entirely rebuilt by Viollet-le-Duc in 1861. [citation needed]. 50,000 combinations (5,000 groups each). They feared that, if the bells fell, they could wreck the tower, and endanger the structure of the other tower and the whole cathedral. To produce many thin streams rather than a torrent of water, a large number of gargoyles were used, so they were also designed to be a decorative element of the architecture. Popular interest in the cathedral blossomed soon after the 1831 publication of Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (better known in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame). Renault, Christophe and Lazé, Christophe, This page was last edited on 9 March 2021, at 23:21. The archdiocese does not receive subsidies from the French state. [69] There is no surviving complete record of all of the burials made at this time. 『ノートルダム・ド・パリ』（Notre-Dame de Paris）は、ヴィクトル・ユーゴーの小説。 『ノートルダムのせむし男』の邦題でも知られている [1] 。 出版は 1831年 。 Gare du Nord, on veut "danser encore" : la joyeuse mobilisation-éclair d'un collectif, Communauté FranceSoir / Discussions en cours, Coronavirus : Conseils et Mesures Officielles. The third circle has some medallions with scenes from the New Testament Gospel of Matthew which date from the last quarter of the 12th century. John of Jandun recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three most important buildings [prominent structures] in his 1323 Treatise on the Praises of Paris: That most glorious church of the most glorious Virgin Mary, mother of God, deservedly shines out, like the sun among stars. [35] During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. Une des premières cathédrales gothiques de France", "Historian uses lasers to unlock mysteries of Gothic cathedrals", "Notre-Dame de Paris, joyau de l'art gothique, célèbre ses 850 ans", "Visiting the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris: Attractions, Tips & Tours", "La dévastation de Notre-Dame et de l'archevêché de Paris en février 1831", "France mourns de Gaulle; world leaders to attend a service at Notre Dame", "Sneaky Juggler Has Ball Up in Sky at Notre Dame", "Prayer of St. John Paul II at Notre Dame from May 30, 1980", "Francois Mitterrand Dies at 79; Champion of a Unified Europe", "To Notre Dame's Rescue, Sickly Gargoyles and All", "Paris pigeons to get shock treatment at Notre Dame", "Notre Dame's Organ and Computer Are No Duet", "Nicolas Sarkozy assistera aux obsèques du cardinal Lustiger", "New Notre Dame bells make harmonious history", "In Paris, Worn-Out Notre-Dame Needs a Makeover, and Hopes You Can Help", "Notre Dame Cathedral Is Crumbling.
Fallon Carrington Colby, Saba Senegalensis Et Grossesse, Brawl Stars Mod Apk 2020, Malcolm In The Middle Vod, Homme Politique Nicaraguayen,