The small San Francisco company Vaxart specializes in developing oral vaccines. Storage: Stable in refrigerator The vaccine will ⦠Updated Dec. 17, PHASE 1 CNN Sans ⢠& © 2016 Cable News Network. In the spring, researchers at the University of TuÌbingen in Germany created a vaccine made of eight parts of two viral proteins, along with an immune-stimulating adjuvant. ⦠If trials proceed as expected, researchers predict that at least one of their candidates will be ready by late 2021. ImmunityBio engineered the Ad5 virus to carry genes for two genes from the coronavirus. The California-based company ImmunityBio created a vaccine using the Ad5 adenovirus, the same one used by CanSinBio and the Gamaleya Institute in Russia. In the weeks that followed, many more countries authorized Comirnaty, and on Dec. 31, the World Health Organization gave the vaccine an Emergency Use Listing, which will speed up its authorization across the world. COMBINED PHASES: One way to accelerate vaccine development is to combine phases. Other viral vectors slowly replicate, carrying coronavirus proteins on their surface. Other RNA vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna have to be kept frozen at chillier temperatures.Starting in January 2021, CureVac forged a series of partnerships with pharmaceutical giants Bayer, GSK, and Novartis, to support the production of their vaccine and develop new ones against coronavirus variants. Dose: 2 doses, 4 weeks apart Updated March 5, PHASE 3 They designed their coronavirus vaccine as a pill, which could have made it easier to distribute than syringes for injections. Other protein-based vaccines in active preclinical development include vaccines from: Akston Biosciences; Applied Biotechnology Institute; Artes Biotech; Baiya Phytopharm; BiOMVis and University of Trento; BioVaxys Technology; Chulalongkorn University; City College of New York and TechnoVax; EpiVax; Generex; GeoVax; Heat Biologics; Icosavax and University of Washington; ImmunoPrecise Antibodies; IMV; Instituto Buntantan; Intravacc; IrsiCaixa; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center; MIGAL Galilee Research Institute; Nanografi Nano Technology, Middle East Technical University, and Ankara University; Navarrabiomed; NidoVax; OncoGen; Oragenics Osaka University, BIKEN, and National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Japan; OSE Immunotherapeutics; Osivax; PDS Biotechnology; Quadram Institute; Saiba; Soligenix; Ufovax; University of Alberta; University of San Martin and CONICET, Argentina; University of Sao Paulo; University of Virginia; Vabiotech; Vaxform; Verndari; Voltron Therapeutics; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Updated June 23, PHASE 3 In March, the chief executive of Novavax said their vaccine might get authorized by the F.D.A. The company hopes that this combination will provoke a strong immune response. These trials further test the vaccineâs safety. On Dec. 14, the president of the university said that the Phase 1 trial was complete. Efficacy: Unknown Updated Jan. 28, PRECLINICAL In February, the company also launched a trial for pregnant women and in March it announced it would soon start trials on children. In an unpublished study, they found that the vaccine pill not only dramatically reduced the amount of coronavirus in sick hamsters, but also protected them from two important symptoms of the disease: weight loss and swollen lungs. Medical researchers are working on multiple approaches to experimental vaccines to protect against COVID-19. The Gamaleya Research Institute, part of Russiaâs Ministry of Health, has created a vaccine with an efficacy rate of 91.6 percent. The South Korean vaccine company SK Bioscience licensed the vaccine, called GBP510. Three decades ago, the German Center for Infection Research developed a smallpox vaccine from a harmless virus called Modified Vaccinia Ankara, or MVA for short. Emergency use in: Argentina, Cambodia, Egypt, Guyana, Hungary, Iraq, Jordan, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, Venezuela NEW. The federal government announced $2.7 million in funding for vaccine candidates. On Dec. 22, the company announced a partnership with Pennsylvania-based Ocugen to develop Covaxin for the United States market.On Jan. 3, the Indian government granted Covaxin emergency authorization. After testing the vaccine out on monkeys, Cellid entered into a partnership with the South Korean chemical manufacturer LG Chem to manufacture the vaccine. But on Jan. 25, they announced they were abandoning the effort because the vaccine failed to trigger an immune system comparable to what happens in a natural infection of Covid-19. PHASE 3 EFFICACY TRIALS: Scientists give the vaccine to thousands of people and wait to see how many become infected, compared with volunteers who received a placebo. Updated March 9, PHASE 3 BBV154 is Bharat Biotechâs second foray into coronavirus vaccine clinical trials. In February they added a Phase 2 trial to a U.S. registry, where they indicated the trial included 1,000 people and that the study would be completed by the end of the month. COVID-19 vaccine weekly safety report #1 - 03-03-2021 3 March 2021 Information about the TGA's safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines. COVIran Barekat is the first vaccine developed in Iran to go into clinical testing. Efficacy: Unknown The Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Cuba launched a trial at the end of November on a coronavirus vaccine called Abdala. Last spring Vaxart began work on an oral vaccine for Covid-19. In October, authorities in the eastern Chinese city of Jiaxing announced they were giving CoronaVac to people in relatively high-risk jobs, including medical workers, port inspectors and public service personnel.The scientists running the Phase 3 trials began announcing early results at the end of December and continued to update them as new cases of Covid-19 arose. Working in collaboration with the Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases in Rome, they launched a Phase 1 trial at the end of July. EARLY USE IN RUSSIA After partnering with GSK, they launched a Phase 1/2 trial of the vaccine in February. Experiments on mice showed a strong immune response. On Dec. 18., the F.D.A. After building a second production line, Sinovac said in February that its manufacturing capacity was up to a billion doses.For more details, see How the Sinovac Vaccine Works. The CDC said Saturday that it has learned of severe allergic reactions to the COVID-19 vaccine, and now recommends if a person has "ever had a ⦠In March, the company said results could come as early as the second quarter of 2021. On Sept. 28, the F.D.A. Itâs hard to independently evaluate the claim from the isolated dictatorship. Janssen's vaccine uses the same technique as Oxford, but crucially is given as a single injection, rather than two. Updated Feb. 23, PHASE 2 On Aug. 11 last year, the United States government awarded the company an additional $1.5 billion in exchange for 100 million doses if the vaccine proves safe and effective, following up in December with a deal for another 100 million doses in the second quarter of 2021. Updated Feb. 26, PHASE 3 If they can get sufficiently high antibodies with the new vaccine, they will move on to Phase 3 studies. The Trump administration awarded a $1.9 billion contract in July for 100 million doses, but The New York Times reported in December that the administration passed up the chance over the summer to secure another 100 million doses. Known as Mambisa, the vaccine contains a piece of the coronavirus spike protein called the receptor-binding domain, along with a protein from the hepatitis B virus that stimulates the immune system. On Feb. 26, the companies announced a study to develop a B.1.351-specific booster. The vaccine contains the RBD section of the virusâs spike protein. The researchers thought that the antibodies would not grab the clamp. The vaccine contains small portions of viral proteins, known as peptides. Updated Feb. 8, PHASE 1 PHASE 2 COMBINED PHASES Updated March 8, PHASE 3 Updated Nov. 24, PHASE 2 PHASE 3 COMBINED PHASES issued an emergency use authorization for Johnson & Johnsonâs vaccine, making it the third coronavirus vaccine available in the United States. Elementary students initially received polio vaccines at school. Updated Jan. 12, PHASE 2 Some vaccines contain whole proteins, and some contain fragments of them. On Oct. 25, the Israeli government announced that the vaccine, called Brilife, would be going into a Phase 1 trial. Although Johnson & Johnson initially set out to recruit 60,000 volunteers, it capped the trial at 45,000 in December as cases rose.On Jan. 29, Johnson & Johnson announced that the trial had proven that the vaccine was safe and effective. They gave the vaccine the generic name tozinameran and the brand name Comirnaty In Phase 1 trials, the researchers found that Comirnaty caused volunteers to produce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, as well as immune cells called T cells that respond to the virus. Nikkei Asia reported that Nanogen is considering Phase 3 trials in Bangladesh, India, and Indonesia. The French vaccine maker Valneva created a vaccine from chemically inactivated coronaviruses, using an adjuvant from Dynavax. A Phase 2/3 trial of the vaccine began on Nov. 12. On Nov. 9, the company announced that an interim analysis of the trial showed that the vaccine produced an immune response thatâs in the range of responses seen in people who recovered from Covid-19. The South Korean company Genexine started testing the safety of a DNA-based vaccine in June. Type: Muscle injection Vaccine name: mRNA-1273 It finally launched on Dec. 28 and is expected to deliver results in April. But only after the initial announcement did it become clear that the low dose version was the result of a mistake in how the vaccines were measured out, not part of the original plan for the trial.AstraZeneca continued to analyze data from their trials and released another report on Feb. 2, which has yet to appear in a medical journal. Updated Jan. 12, PHASE 1 On Feb. 3, Vaxart announced that the trial revealed no serious safety concerns. On its current course, Novavax may be able to supply 110 million doses to the United States by June. Turkey authorized the vaccine on Jan. 13, and its president got vaccinated the next day. Updated Jan. 14. Type: Skin injection PHASE 2 PHASE 3 COMBINED PHASES Researchers at City of Hope, a California biomedical research institute, created a vaccine based on a weakened form of a virus called Modified Vaccinia Ankara, or MVA for short. The researchers commenced a Phase 3 trial, anticipating approval by March. Before COVID-19 vaccines can be delivered: The vaccines must be proven safe and effective in large (phase III) clinical trials. Their candidate is composed of an adjuvant, along with a section of the spike protein called the receptor-binding domain. Updated March 5, PHASE 2 Estimates vary, but some ages might be able to get vaccinated against COVID-19 by the fall of 2021. On Oct. 23, the company announced they were initiating a Phase 3 trial, eventually recruiting over 25,800 volunteers. Cancelling the vaccine meant the collapse of a $1 billion deal with the Australian government for 51 million doses.The vaccine studies offered great promise at first. Limited use in: United Arab Emirates. In the United States, Operation Warp Speed selected it as one of six vaccines to secure in large quantities, reaching a $2.1 billion agreement for 100 million doses. Instead, it will move forward with a trial with the Dynavax adjuvant. Developing an alternative formulation that can be refrigerated. Efficacy: 82.4% for doses separated by 12 weeks. Other genetic vaccines in active preclinical development include vaccines from: Applied DNA Sciences, EvviVax and Takis Biotech; DIOSynVax; Elixirgen Therapeutics; ETheRNA; Globe Biotech; Greenlight Biosciences; Infectious Disease Research Institute and Amyris; Mediphage Bioceuticals; National institute of Chemistry of Slovenia and Kemijski InÅ¡titut; National Research Centre, Egypt; the OPENCORONA Consortia; Providence Therapeutics; Scancell; the Spanish National Center for Biotechnology and the Spanish National Research Council; Vaccibody. Emergency use in: Bahrain, Canada NEW, United States. Vaccine name: AG0302-COVID19 Encouragingly, the older volunteers produced about as many antibodies against the coronavirus as the younger ones. Updated March 1, PHASE 1 PHASE 2 COMBINED PHASES gave emergency approval for Sinopharmâs vaccine to use on health care workers, and soon government officials and others were also receiving it. Meanwhile, AstraZeneca are Oxford said they are working on a new version of the vaccine tailored to the variant.The United Kingdom and Argentina were the first countries to give the vaccine emergency authorization, on Dec. 30, and since then a number of other countries have also done the same. APPROVED IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES Experts have warned of serious risks from jumping ahead of these results. After promising preclinical results in primates, Bavarian Nordic announced that it would proceed with a Phase 1/2 trial of the vaccine with and without an adjuvant in the Netherlands. Cuba is pinning hopes on the vaccine as a source of economic benefit to the island. Note: Vaccines will be added to the tracker when they reach Phase 1, and tracked until they succeed or fail. In a Phase 1 trial, researchers are now testing the vaccine on 50 volunteers. The European Union began a rolling review in February, intended to speed up approval if the Phase 3 trial delivers positive results. Updated Feb. 2, PHASE 2 In an unprecedented move, the Chinese military approved the vaccine on June 25 for a year as a âspecially needed drug.â On Nov. 28, the Chief Executive of CanSino Biologics said in an interview that about 40,000 to 50,000 people had received Convidecia.Starting in August 2020, CanSino began running Phase 3 trials in a number of countries, including Pakistan, Russia, Mexico and Chile. Approved for use in: China. GeneOne Life Science, a South Korean biotech company, developed a DNA-based vaccine that encodes two proteins from the coronavirus. In recent years, the company has tested mRNA vaccines for a number of diseases, but they have yet to bring one to market. Storage: Stable at room temperature for three months A Phase 2/3 trial is planned to launch in Brazil. On August 28, their Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems registered a Phase 1 trial on the vaccine, known as QazCovid. They are betting it can offer long-lasting immunity. Storage: Stable at least 3 months at 36â46°F (2â8°C) Early use in: Russia. The full details of the trial came out in February, demonstrating a high efficacy after two doses. Still, a March 8 study showed that the vaccine could effectively neutralize a Brazilian variant known as P.1.In their initial trial, Pfizer and BioNTech did not include pregnant women among their participants. U.S. pharmacies to receive COVID vaccines 08:42 When can children get the vaccine? The details of the trial have yet to be published. Vaccines in development around the world are in various stages of testing. APPROVED IN SWITZERLAND On Dec. 29, Biological E and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations announced a partnership to advance the development and manufacturing of the vaccine, with CEPI initially contributing $5 million to the effort. The draft landscape of COVID-19 vaccine candidates contains information on vaccine candidates collected through public information (e.g. The researchers held the proteins in place with a molecular clamp, which was based on a segment of an HIV protein.HIV tests use antibodies to probe for the presence of the virusâs proteins in peopleâs blood. On Oct. 23, the company announced it had reached an agreement with the government of Canada to supply 76 million doses. They created the genetic instructions for building a coronavirus protein, known as spike. While itâs not clear how long this efficacy will last, Moderna has found that after three months the trial participants still have a strong immune defense against the coronavirus. Emergency use in: Canada, European Union, Iceland, Israel, Mongolia, Norway, Qatar, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam. In recent years, they adapted it to create a vaccine for MERS, a disease caused by another coronavirus.This spring, they made an MVA-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that is causing the Covid-19 pandemic. Of the first 43 volunteers to get Covid-19, only 7 had received the vaccine. Type: Nasal spray AstraZeneca is expected to submit an application for an emergency use authorization from the F.D.A. Last May, researchers published promising results from a Phase 1 safety trial on Convidecia, and in July they reported that their Phase 2 trials demonstrated the vaccine produced a strong immune response. On Dec. 2, Moderna registered a trial to test the vaccine on adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age.Meanwhile, the company entered deals with several countries to supply the vaccine pending its approval. Four months after their announcement, South Korean lawmakers said they had foiled an attempt by North Korea to hack South Korean companies developing coronavirus vaccines. In addition, Sanofi agreed to provide 200 million doses to COVAX, an international collaboration to deliver the vaccine equitably across the world. The company moved on to a Phase 2/3 trial in December. It is the first clinical trial of a coronavirus vaccine developed in Turkey. Updated Jan. 14, PHASE 1 The vaccine, called CORVax12, consists of a loop of DNA that encodes both the spike protein and IL-12. The company has yet to publish the detailed results of their Phase 3 trial.Last June, Beijing Institute researchers reported that the vaccine produced promising results in monkeys. Dose: 3 doses, 4 weeks apart Vaccines created from weakened coronaviruses or coronaviruses that have been killed with chemicals. Two days later, the United States followed suit.South Africa dropped plans to use AstraZenecaâs vaccine for their health care workers after a small trial failed to show it was effective against the B.1.351 variant that had grown dominant across the country. released their own analysis of the trial, concluding that the vaccine had an efficacy of 72 percent in the United States, 64 percent in South Africa, and 61 percent in Latin America. Dose: 2 doses, 4 weeks apart Maryland-based Altimmune is a biopharmaceutical company that focuses on developing vaccines delivered by nasal spray. Like Medicago, Kentucky BioProcessing engineers a wild relative of tobacco called Nicotiana benthamiana to make viral proteins. In the spring, the Israel Institute for Biological Research started work on a coronavirus vaccine based on vesicular stomatitis viruses. The company added pieces of coronavirus vaccines to the shells, selected for their potential both to produce antibodies and to train T cells to attack infected cells. Updated Dec. 14, PHASE 1 CNN's Elizabeth Cohen, John Bonifield, Jamie Gumbrecht, Mallory Simon, Maggie Fox and Jacqueline Howard contributed to this report. Updated Dec. 2, ABANDONED Updated March 9, PHASE 3 Vaccine name: Covaxin (also known as BBV152 A, B, C) Along with their Beijing Institute vaccine, Sinopharm also tested an inactivated virus vaccine developed by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.